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Vetusta Monumenta: Ancient Monuments, a Digital Edition

Plate 1.40: Engraving of Melbourne Castle

Plate 1.40 of Vetusta Monumenta depicts Melbourne Castle as it appeared in the sixteenth century. Engraving by George Vertue after a drawing originally produced for a survey of the properties of the Duchy of Lancaster conducted by the Chancellor of the Duchy, Ambrose Cave, in 1561. 465 x 304 mm. Published by the Society of Antiquaries of London in 1733. Current location: The above-ground remains of Melbourne Castle are a piece of a wall and the foundations of a turret, located on a site called “Castle Farm,” in Melbourne, Derbyshire, UK.

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Contents of this path:
1. Plate 1.27: Engraving of the Ruins of Furness Abbey
2. Plate 1.28: Engravings of the English Barons’ Letter to the Pope, 1301 (1 of 6) Plates 1.28-1.33 of Vetusta Monumenta reproduce copy A of the document commonly known as the Barons’ Letter of 1301, including trickings of the Barons’ seals. The letter, addressed to Pope Boniface VIII, asserted Edward I’s right to rule over Scotland. Engravings by George Vertue after John Bradshaw’s 1629 copy of the herald Augustine Vincent’s 1624 copy of the manuscript. 433 x 257 mm, 435 x 257 mm, 435 x 259 mm, 436 x 262 mm, 434 x 262 mm, and 436 x 262 mm. Published by the Society of Antiquaries of London in 1729. Current locations: Both copies of the Barons’ Letter are currently held in the National Archives at Kew (E 26), London, UK; Augustine Vincent’s copy is in the College of Arms (Vincent MSS 103[v] and 425), London, UK; Bradshaw’s copy is untraced.
3. Plate 1.29: Engravings of the English Barons’ Letter to the Pope, 1301 (2 of 6) Plates 1.28-1.33 of Vetusta Monumenta reproduce copy A of the document commonly known as the Barons’ Letter of 1301, including trickings of the Barons’ seals. The letter, addressed to Pope Boniface VIII, asserted Edward I’s right to rule over Scotland. Engravings by George Vertue after John Bradshaw’s 1629 copy of the herald Augustine Vincent’s 1624 copy of the manuscript. 433 x 257 mm, 435 x 257 mm, 435 x 259 mm, 436 x 262 mm, 434 x 262 mm, and 436 x 262 mm. Published by the Society of Antiquaries of London in 1729. Current locations: Both copies of the Barons’ Letter are currently held in the National Archives at Kew (E 26), London, UK; Augustine Vincent’s copy is in the College of Arms (Vincent MSS 103[v] and 425), London, UK; Bradshaw’s copy is untraced.
4. Plate 1.30: Engravings of the English Barons’ Letter to the Pope, 1301 (3 of 6) Plates 1.28-1.33 of Vetusta Monumenta reproduce copy A of the document commonly known as the Barons’ Letter of 1301, including trickings of the Barons’ seals. The letter, addressed to Pope Boniface VIII, asserted Edward I’s right to rule over Scotland. Engravings by George Vertue after John Bradshaw’s 1629 copy of the herald Augustine Vincent’s 1624 copy of the manuscript. 433 x 257 mm, 435 x 257 mm, 435 x 259 mm, 436 x 262 mm, 434 x 262 mm, and 436 x 262 mm. Published by the Society of Antiquaries of London in 1729. Current locations: Both copies of the Barons’ Letter are currently held in the National Archives at Kew (E 26), London, UK; Augustine Vincent’s copy is in the College of Arms (Vincent MSS 103[v] and 425), London, UK; Bradshaw’s copy is untraced.
5. Plate 1.31: Engravings of the English Barons’ Letter to the Pope, 1301 (4 of 6) Plates 1.28-1.33 of Vetusta Monumenta depict copy A of the document commonly known as the Barons’ Letter of 1301, including trickings of the Barons’ seals. The letter, addressed to Pope Boniface VIII, asserted Edward I’s right to rule over Scotland. Engravings by George Vertue after John Bradshaw’s 1629 copy of the herald Augustine Vincent’s 1624 copy of the manuscript. Published by the Society of Antiquaries of London in 1729. Current location: Both copies of the Barons Letter are currently held in the National Archives (E 26), London, UK. Augustine Vincent’s copy is in the College of Arms (Vincent MSS 103[v] and 425), London, UK.
6. Plate 1.32: Engravings of the English Barons’ Letter to the Pope, 1301 (5 of 6) Plates 1.28-1.33 of Vetusta Monumenta reproduce copy A of the document commonly known as the Barons’ Letter of 1301, including trickings of the Barons’ seals. The letter, addressed to Pope Boniface VIII, asserted Edward I’s right to rule over Scotland. Engravings by George Vertue after John Bradshaw’s 1629 copy of the herald Augustine Vincent’s 1624 copy of the manuscript. 433 x 257 mm, 435 x 257 mm, 435 x 259 mm, 436 x 262 mm, 434 x 262 mm, and 436 x 262 mm. Published by the Society of Antiquaries of London in 1729. Current locations: Both copies of the Barons’ Letter are currently held in the National Archives at Kew (E 26), London, UK; Augustine Vincent’s copy is in the College of Arms (Vincent MSS 103[v] and 425), London, UK; Bradshaw’s copy is untraced.
7. Plate 1.33: Engravings of the English Barons’ Letter to the Pope, 1301 (6 of 6) Plates 1.28-1.33 of Vetusta Monumenta reproduce copy A of the document commonly known as the Barons’ Letter of 1301, including trickings of the Barons’ seals. The letter, addressed to Pope Boniface VIII, asserted Edward I’s right to rule over Scotland. Engravings by George Vertue after John Bradshaw’s 1629 copy of the herald Augustine Vincent’s 1624 copy of the manuscript. 433 x 257 mm, 435 x 257 mm, 435 x 259 mm, 436 x 262 mm, 434 x 262 mm, and 436 x 262 mm. Published by the Society of Antiquaries of London in 1729. Current locations: Both copies of the Barons’ Letter are currently held in the National Archives at Kew (E 26), London, UK; Augustine Vincent’s copy is in the College of Arms (Vincent MSS 103[v] and 425), London, UK; Bradshaw’s copy is untraced.
8. Plate 1.34: Engraving of a Bronze Head of Sulis Minerva Found at Bath Plate 1.34 of Vetusta Monumenta depicts the head of a first-century CE gilded bronze statue of Minerva unearthed in Bath in 1727. The findspot has now been identified as the site of a temple dedicated to Sulis Minerva, patron deity of Aquae Sulis (Roman Bath). Engraving by George Vertue after Alexander Gordon. 402 x 282 mm. Published by the Society of Antiquaries of London in 1730. Current location: The Roman Baths Museum in Bath, Somerset, UK.
9. Plate 1.35: Engravings of Colchester Castle (1 of 2) Plates 1.35-1.36 of Vetusta Monumenta depict the ruins of Colchester Castle and architectural plans of the site. Colchester Castle is a Norman keep (c. 1070) built upon the ruins of an ancient Roman temple to Claudius. Engravings by George Vertue after “Boul” (probably Cornelis Boel) and Isaac Whood. 286 x 457 mm and 285 x 453 mm. Published by the Society of Antiquaries of London in 1732. Current location: Colchester, Essex, UK.
10. Plate 1.36: Engravings of Colchester Castle (2 of 2) Plates 1.35-1.36 of Vetusta Monumenta depict the ruins of Colchester Castle and architectural plans of the site. Colchester Castle is a Norman keep (c. 1070) built upon the ruins of an ancient Roman temple to Claudius. Engravings by George Vertue after “Boul” (probably Cornelis Boel) and Isaac Whood. 286 x 457 mm and 285 x 453 mm. Published by the Society of Antiquaries of London in 1732. Current location: Colchester, Essex, UK.
11. Plate 1.37: Engravings of Tables of English Coins (1 of 2) Plates 1.37-1.38 of Vetusta Monumenta present corrected versions of the tables of gold and silver English coins first created by John Sharp, Archbishop of York (1645-1714), in 1697. Engravings by George Vertue after Sharp’s original tables. Published by the Society of Antiquaries of London in 1731. Current location: Sharp’s tables are in manuscript volumes containing his treatise on English coinage in the Goldsmith's Library of Economic Literature at the University of London (MS 66) and in the British Library, London, UK (Harley 4119).
12. Plate 1.38: Engravings of Tables of English Coins (2 of 2) Plates 1.37-1.38 of Vetusta Monumenta present corrected versions of the tables of gold and silver English coins first created by John Sharp, Archbishop of York (1645-1714), in 1697. Engravings by George Vertue after Sharp’s original tables. Published by the Society of Antiquaries of London in 1731. Current location: Sharp’s tables are in manuscript volumes containing his treatise on English coinage in the Goldsmith's Library of Economic Literature at the University of London (MS 66) and in the British Library, London, UK (Harley 4119).
13. Plate 1.39: Engraving of Tutbury Castle Plate 1.39 of Vetusta Monumenta depicts Tutbury Castle as it appeared in the sixteenth century. Engraving by George Vertue after a drawing originally produced for a survey of the properties of the Duchy of Lancaster conducted by the Chancellor of the Duchy, Ambrose Cave, in 1561. Further drawings from this cache were engraved as Plates 1.40, 1.41, 1.42, 1.44, 1.46, 2.11, and 2.13. 304 x 467 mm. Published by the Society of Antiquaries of London in 1733. Current location: Tutbury, Staffordshire, UK.
14. Plate 1.40: Engraving of Melbourne Castle Plate 1.40 of Vetusta Monumenta depicts Melbourne Castle as it appeared in the sixteenth century. Engraving by George Vertue after a drawing originally produced for a survey of the properties of the Duchy of Lancaster conducted by the Chancellor of the Duchy, Ambrose Cave, in 1561. 465 x 304 mm. Published by the Society of Antiquaries of London in 1733. Current location: The above-ground remains of Melbourne Castle are a piece of a wall and the foundations of a turret, located on a site called “Castle Farm,” in Melbourne, Derbyshire, UK.
15. Plate 1.41: Engraving of Lancaster Castle Plate 1.41 of Vetusta Monumenta depicts Lancaster Castle and Priory Church as they appeared in the sixteenth century. Engraving by George Vertue after a drawing originally produced for a survey of the properties of the Duchy of Lancaster conducted by the Chancellor of the Duchy, Ambrose Cave, in 1561. Further drawings from this cache were engraved as Plates 1.39, 1.40, 1.42, 1.44, 1.46, 2.11, and 2.13. 302 x 475 mm. Published by the Society of Antiquaries of London in 1734. Current location: Lancaster Castle and the Priory Church are located on the summit of the castle hill on the western edge of Lancaster, Lancashire, UK.
16. Plate 1.42: Engraving of Pontefract Castle Plate 1.42 of Vetusta Monumenta depicts Pontefract Castle as it appeared in the sixteenth century. Engraving by George Vertue after a drawing originally produced for a survey of the properties of the Duchy of Lancaster conducted by the Chancellor of the Duchy, Ambrose Cave, in 1561. Further drawings from this cache were engraved as Plates 1.39, 1.40, 1.41, 1.44, 1.46, 2.11, and 2.13. 340 x 480 mm. Published by the Society of Antiquaries of London in 1734. Current location: Pontefract, Yorkshire, UK.
17. Plate 1.43: Engraving of English Coins Struck in France and Flanders Plate 1.43 of Vetusta Monumenta depicts one seal and seven coins struck in France and Flanders by English princes (and a pretender) from the thirteenth through sixteenth centuries: the golden seal of Edmund, King of Sicily (c. 1254-1261), a royal of Edward the Black Prince (c. 1364), a chaise of Edward the Black Prince (c. 1363), a salute of Henry VI (c. 1423), an angelot of Henry VI (c. 1427), a rose noble of Henry VII (c. 1485-1489), a silver jeton of Perkin Warbeck, Pretender (c. 1494), and a Tournay groat of Henry VIII (c. 1514). Engraving by George Vertue after his own drawings. 459 x 273 mm. Published by the Society of Antiquaries of London in 1734. Current locations: The golden seal of Edmund, King of Sicily is in the British Museum (OA.3017), London, UK; the seven coins here engraved are untraced.
18. Plate 1.44: Engraving of Knaresborough Castle Plate 1.44 of Vetusta Monumenta depicts Knaresborough Castle as it appeared in the sixteenth century. Engraving by George Vertue after a drawing originally produced for a survey of the properties of the Duchy of Lancaster conducted by the Chancellor of the Duchy, Ambrose Cave, in 1561. Further drawings from this cache were engraved as Plates 1.39, 1.40, 1.41, 1.42, 1.46, 2.11, and 2.13. 301 x 461 mm. Published by the Society of Antiquaries of London in 1735. Current location: Knaresborough Castle is located on a steep cliff overlooking the River Nidd in the town of Knaresborough, North Yorkshire, UK.
19. Plate 1.45: Engraving of a Portrait of Thomas Tanner Plate 1.45 of Vetusta Monumenta reproduces a portrait of Thomas Tanner, Bishop of Asaph and a beloved fellow of the Society of Antiquaries. Produced shortly after his death, the print commemorates Tanner’s antiquarian research on seals, monasteries, and English literary history. Engraving by George Vertue after a portrait of Tanner painted by an unknown artist that was displayed at the University of Oxford. 390 x 269 mm. Published by the Society of Antiquaries of London in 1736. Current location: All Soul’s College, Oxford, UK.
20. Plate 1.46: Engraving of Tickhill Castle Plate 1.46 of Vetusta Monumenta depicts Tickhill Castle as it appeared in the sixteenth century. Engraving by George Vertue after a drawing originally produced for a survey of the properties of the Duchy of Lancaster conducted by the Chancellor of the Duchy, Ambrose Cave, in 1561. Further drawings from this cache were engraved as Plates 1.39, 1.40, 1.41, 1.42, 1.44, 2.11, and 2.13. 302 x 455 mm. Published by the Society of Antiquaries of London in 1737. Current locations: Parts of the castle grounds and Tickhill Castle House are leased to a private tenant in Tickhill, Doncaster, UK.
21. Plate 1.47: Engraving of a Plan of the Roman Roads in Yorkshire Plate 1.47 of Vetusta Monumenta reproduces a plan of the Roman roads in Yorkshire and immediately adjacent areas originally published by Francis Drake in his Eboracum: Or the History and Antiquities of the City of York in 1736. Unsigned engraving, likely by George Vertue, after Drake’s original map. Published by the Society of Antiquaries of London in 1737. 364 x 479 mm. Current location: Drake’s notebook documenting his research on York is in the York Minster Library (MS XVI.I.2), York, UK.
22. Plate 1.48: Engraving of a Roman Pavement found at Cotterstock Plate 1.48 of Vetusta Monumenta depicts a Roman mosaic floor discovered in 1736 between the villages of Cotterstock and Glapthorn, Northamptonshire. The engraving reconstructs the original appearance of a pavement that had been partially destroyed by cultivation in the field where it was discovered. Engraving by George Vertue after William Bogdani, George Lynn Sr, and George Lynn Jr. 464 x 513 mm (bifolium). Published by The Society of Antiquaries of London in 1737. Current location: Cotterstock, Northamptonshire, UK; the mosaic floor has been reburied but continues to be known through modern surveying techniques.
23. Plate 1.49: Engraving of the Bishop’s Chapel at Hereford Plate 1.49 of Vetusta Monumenta depicts the late eleventh-century bishop’s chapel at Hereford, originally part of the episcopal palace to the south of Hereford Cathedral, as drawn by William Stukeley in 1721. Engraving by George Vertue after William Stukeley. 292 x 366 mm. Published by the Society of Antiquaries of London in 1738. Current location: The chapel was demolished by 1746 except for the north wall, which is adjacent to the cloister; this surviving wall together with a portion of the bishop’s hall are the two significant medieval remains still partially extant within the eighteenth-century bishop’s palace in Hereford, Herefordshire, UK.

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Plate 1.40: Melbourne Castle Plate: View of Melbourne Castle engraved by George Vertue (1684-1756) after his own drawing, which was based on a drawing made in the reign of Queen Elizabeth. The original drawing was produced for a survey conducted by Ambrose Cave (c. 1503-1568), the Chancellor of the Duchy, of the properties of the Duchy of Lancaster in 1561. Plate 1.40 is part of a series that also includes Plates 1.39, 1.41, 1.42, 1.44, 1.46, 2.11, and 2.13.

Object: The plate shows Melbourne Castle, as it was drawn for Ambrose Cave’s 1561 survey of the properties of the Duchy of Lancaster. The two-storied wall that encompasses Melbourne Castle includes a forward-projecting entrance with a doorway. The tall castle is dominated by a great number of round, square, and polyangular towers, turrets, chimneys, and projecting balconies. The roofline of the buildings inside the castle walls is also visible, as is the cupola that marks the position of the great hall. The town of Melbourne with its church is shown in the background to the right of the castle.

Today, the only above-ground remains of Melbourne Castle are a piece of a wall and the foundations of a turret, located on a site called “Castle Farm,” which lies at the east end of the town of Melbourne on the south-eastern border of Derbyshire. The castle was preceded by a series of manor houses that date back to the first half of the eleventh century. Building began at Melbourne Castle in 1311 when Thomas, Earl of Lancaster, whose estate also included Tutbury and various other castles, granted his supporter, Sir Robert de Holland, a license to crenellate the older manor house. As part of the duchy of Lancaster, the castle was transformed into a palatial residence over the course of the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries. It became the property of the Earl of Huntingdon in 1604 and was demolished for building materials in the 1630s.

Transcription:

MELBORN CASTLE in the County of DERBY. / Formerly a Royal Mansion, now in Ruins; where JOHN Duke of BOURBON taken Prisoner by K: Henry V.^th in the Battle of AGINCOURT (An.^o 1414.) was kept Nineteen Years in Custody of Nicholas Montgomery the Younger; he was released by K: Henry VI.^th. This draught is made from a Survey now in the Dutchy Office of Lancaster taken in the Reign of Q: Elizabeth. / Sumptibus. Soc: Ant: Lond: 1733.

Commentary by Katharina Boehm: When George Vertue started work on the duchy castles series, he began with the prints of Melbourne Castle and Tutbury Castle (Plate 1.39). Although Melbourne Castle was historically less significant than many other castles in the series, its close association with Tutbury Castle, situated just twelve miles west of Melbourne, made these two castles a natural pairing to open the series.

Melbourne appears to have been an exceptionally imposing palatial residence during its brief heyday. Thomas, Earl of Lancaster, licensed the crenellation of a manor house on the site of the later Melbourne Castle in 1311; he turned the manor house into a castle in 1313-14 in order to guard the eastern approach to Tutbury as well as the eastern part of his land holdings (Hislop et al 2011, 96). In the fifteenth century, Melbourne served for many years as prison for the Duke of Bourbon, who had been captured by Henry V at the battle of Agincourt. The history of Melbourne Castle was not often discussed in seventeenth- and early eighteenth-century chronicles and chorographies. In the rare cases in which the castle was mentioned, for instance in Edmund Gibson’s second edition of Camden’s Britannia (1722) or in Robert Morden’s The New Description and State of England (1701), it served as little more than a backdrop to accounts of the Duke’s confinement.

In the second half of the sixteenth century, Ambrose Cave’s survey of the duchy castles reached the conclusion that Melbourne was in a poor state and should not be retained. The castle was briefly considered as a potential place of confinement for Mary Queen of Scots, but she was never moved there. In the late sixteenth century, the administration of the Melbourne estates was largely managed through Tutbury (Hislop et al 2011, 107). By 1597, Melbourne was used as a cattle pound (Stroud 2002, 9) and Gibson’s edition of Camden’s Britannia notes that by 1607 the castle was “decaying apace” (1722, 1.587). What remained of the ruin of the castle was demolished and taken away as building material in the 1630s (Emery 2000, 422).

The preparatory drawing for the engraving of Melbourne Castle, based on the Elizabethan original, was the first piece of work related to the series that Vertue finished. His exhibition of this drawing at a meeting of the SAL on 18 May 1732 was evidently a success, because he was afterwards “desired to proceed in drawing of the rest for the Society” (SAL Minutes I.293). Vertue brought a proof of the plate to the meeting on 12 April 1733 (II.17) and delivered prints of the castles of Tutbury and Melbourne to members on 14 June 1733 (II.21).

Of the whole duchy castles series, Vertue’s print of Melbourne Castle introduced the fewest alterations to the original drawing, which measures 42 x 86cm and is today held by the National Archives (TNA MPC 1/95). Perhaps, this was due to the fact that Vertue was only just beginning the series and was still developing an approach to adapting his sixteenth-century source material. The castle plates on which he subsequently worked differ from the original drawings both in their incorporation of picturesque elements—such as pastures with grazing sheep or cows, shrubbery and winding paths—and in their featuring of staffage figures, some of which are fairly conventional while others are drawn as traveling, modern-day antiquaries who inspect the castles (cf. Plate 1.41 and 1.46). By contrast, Vertue’s print of Melbourne Castle makes no attempt to embed the castle in a picturesque landscape and offers no proxy figures that would facilitate the viewer’s imaginative self-insertion into the print.

While the other plates picture the castles at a distance, usually inserting an attractive path leading to them, this plate follows the Elizabethan drawing in bringing the castle up to the front of the picture. Vertue’s engraving also reproduces the minimal attention given to perspective by the creator of the original drawing: the multitude of turrets, chimneys, polygonal towers, and the majestic cupola, which most likely marks the location of the Great Hall (Emery 2000, 423), all appear to be stacked onto one another and seemingly inhabit the same plane. The result is a perplexing effect: the positioning of the castle in the foreground of the plate generates a sense of spatial proximity between viewer and castle, but the handling of perspective must have reminded Vertue’s immediate audience of the distance between the sixteenth-century origin of the drawings and the aesthetic conventions of their own present. Vertue’s later prints for the duchy castles series, with their attention to picturesque detail, go some way to soften this clash between the style of the sixteenth-century original drawings and the manner in which sites of antiquarian interest were drawn by artists such as Samuel Buck and antiquaries like William Stukeley and Vertue himself in the early eighteenth century.

Works Cited:

Camden, William. 1722. Britannia. Translated by Edmund Gibson. Vol. 1. London: Mary Matthews.

Emery, Anthony. 2000. Greater Medieval Houses of England and Wales, 1300-1500: Volume 2: East Anglia, Central England and Wales. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Hislop, Malcolm, Mark Kincey, and Gareth Williams. 2011. Tutbury: 'A Castle Firmly Built'. Oxford: Archaeopress.

Melborne: Perspective View of Melbourne Castle. 1561. The National Archives, Kew. MPC 1/95.

Society of Antiquaries of London. 1718-. Minutes of the Society’s Proceedings.

Stroud, Gill. 2002. Extensive Urban Survey: Melbourne: Archaeological Assessment Report. Derby: Derbyshire County Council.